Non-authoritative use of marine volunteered geographical information (MVGI), also known as Crowdsourced Bathymetry (CSB), is commonplace in the fishing and recreational markets through companies such as Olex, Navionics, CMap, and others. Use of MVGI for authoritative purposes (i.e., for updates of official charting data) has been significantly less widespread.
Although many Hydrographic Offices have conducted limited experiments, and despite the IHO’s enthusiastic endorsement, the liability, data availability, and processing workload associated with principled used of MVGI has led to slow uptake for routine use. The most commonly cited problem is lack of trust in the observations, particularly their vertical calibration.
This paper therefore proposes to measure the reputation, or level of trust, that should be placed in observers across the spectrum from MVGI to Hydrographic Office surveyors, with the goal of dynamically adjusting the reputation of each observer over time as they make new observations that can be compared against other observers, or authoritative data.
This model also extends to the data generated by the observers, which inherits the observer’s reputation, but can then be confirmed or degraded over time with other observations, leading to application to chart adequacy and resurvey priority. Using a widely applied model for competitive ranking (predominantly used in chess ratings), two ranking stages are outlined: one that ranks observers against reference to determine their individual reputation, and a second that monitors the reference for drift and time-decay.
The model allows for uncertainty in the rankings, and the decay of certainty due to time between comparisons. This model requires estimates of observer self-noise and bias, which are determined from time-series analysis of the observations. Using MVGI from the IHO Data Center for Digital Bathymetry, the paper demonstrates observer uncertainty calibration, ranking of observers, and the effects of time, and new observations, on archival authoritative data.
Brian Calder
Brian Calder is a Research Professor at CCOM/JHC, and Associate Director of CCOM. With an MEng (Merit) and PhD in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh: 1994, 1997), and specializing in statistical signal processing, Dr Calder has focused since 2000 on computer-assisted methods for processing hydrographic data including bathymetry and backscatter, playing a part in development of the CUBE, CHRT, and GeoCoder algorithms, and the use (and abuse) of uncertainty in hydrography. His current research interests include distributed algorithms, machine/deep learning for hydrographic purposes, and both trusted hardware and crowdsourced observation systems.